Maternal risk factors in the origin of isolated hypospadias: A population‐based case‐control study

The birth prevalence of hypospadias increased in Hungary during the last decades, thus the aim of this study was to analyze the possible role of maternal risk factors in the origin of isolated hypospadias (IHS). The incidence/prevalence of acute and chronic maternal diseases with related drug treatments were compared in the mothers of cases with IHS, population controls without defect and malformed controls affected with other isolated abnormalities in the population‐based Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities including 3038 cases with IHS, 24 814 population male controls without any defects and 11 096 malformed male controls with other isolated defect. Among exposures, prospective medically recorded chronic diseases and medically recorded or retrospective maternal information regarding acute diseases and drug treatments were evaluated in the study groups. Maternal epilepsy due to the treatment of valproate (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.97, 1.07–3.61) and cervical erosion (4.09, 1.84–9.12) were associated with a higher risk of IHS. In addition, there was an association of oral nystatin (1.94, 1.22–3.09), lynestrenol (26.66, 8.69–81.80) and ethynilestradiol (3.51, 1.61–7.67) treatments in the mothers of cases with a higher risk for IHS. In conclusion, maternal cervical erosion, valproate, nystatin, lynestrenol and ethynilestradiol associated with a higher risk for IHS.     

对河北邢台农村高氟区氟牙症患者社会心理状况的评价

目的通过评价高氟区不同程度氟牙症患者的社会心理状况,探讨氟牙症对人们社会心理的影响。方法多阶段分层整群随机抽取河北省邢台农村高氟区12、15及35—44岁当地居民共416名进行Dean氏氟牙症指数（DI）的调查,筛选不同程度氟牙症患者178例进行问卷调查,涉及6个五度分法的心理分量表（对牙齿看法、主观幸福感、生活满意度、交往焦虑、自尊影响、行为改变）。结果随着DI记分的增加,受检样本“对牙齿看法”及“主观幸福感”分量表得分呈上升趋势,不同程度氟牙症患者间差异有统计学意义,且主要存在于对照组与重度患者间（P〈0．01）。结论高氟区氟牙症患者在“对牙齿看法”及“主观幸福感”两方面的心理状况受到氟牙症程度的一定影响,并且主要表现在重度患者中。     

Smoking and Oral Health: a Population Survey in Finland

Objectives: A survey was conducted to study smokers' oral health behaviors and attitudes, and to determine if smokers were advised by their dentists to quit smoking. Methods : A random sample of 1,200 adults 15 to 64 years of age living in the province of North Karelia, Finland, was selected in each of two study years (1990 and 1991) and surveyed using a mail questionnaire. The 102-item questionnaire solicited information on smoking status, oral health behaviors, missing teeth, perceptions of tobacco's harmful effects on oral health, smoking status and quitting, and advice on smoking cessation provided by dentists. Variations in behaviors and opinions according to smoking status were analyzed. Results : Nonsmokers reported more frequent healthy oral health behaviors than did daily smokers, with the exception that no difference in toothbrushing frequencies existed among women. Daily smoking was associated with increased use of sugar in tea or coffee, and with more frequent alcohol consumption. Daily smoking was correlated with the number of missing teeth in bivariate analyses, but not in multivariate analyses. Fewer daily smokers than nonsmokers considered smoking to have harmful effects on oral health. The majority of daily smokers, however, wanted to quit. Eight percent of daily smokers reported that they had been advised by their dentist to quit. Conclusions : Dentists need to provide patients with counseling on tobacco use because of the desire of many smokers to quit. Counseling of smokers by the oral health team requires special attention and skills, because smokers' health behaviors and attitudes appear to be less favorable to oral health compared to nonsmokers.     

Periodontal reasons for tooth extraction in an adult population in Jordan

This survey studies the reasons for periodontal extraction of permanent teeth in an adult Jordanian population. A random sample of 30 general dental practitioners (GDPs) from a list of 300 GDPs (1:10) was contacted. Of these, the 26 dentists who participated in this study were asked to record teeth extracted and give reasons for extraction. Personal and demographic information and clinical details were obtained from 898 patients aged from 20 to 60 years. A total of 1,098 teeth were extracted during the 3-month study period. The results of this study revealed that dental caries (56.4% overall) was the main reason for tooth extraction, especially in 20-39 year olds. Periodontal disease (23.4% overall) was the next most frequent indication for extraction and became the commonest cause of tooth extraction in patients aged 40 years or more. Other reasons for tooth loss accounted for only 20.2% of the series. Advanced periodontal disease represented by pocketing were the dominant pathology when tooth loss occurred as the result of periodontal disease. As far as the type of tooth was concerned, the most frequently extracted teeth were molars followed by premolars, regardless of whether their loss was the result of the caries or the periodontal disease. This study suggests that caries and its consequences are responsible for more tooth loss in patients less than 40 years of age while extraction because of periodontal problems increases with age, and more commonly related to pocketing.     

Prevalence of clinical signs and pain symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and associated factors in adult Finns

Abstract

Objective: To assess the prevalence of clinical signs and pain symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and associated factors in the Finnish adult population, as well as the association between self-reported TMD pain symptoms and clinical signs.

Material and methods: The sample consisted of 1577 Finnish adults who participated in the Health 2011 Survey (BRIF8901). Signs of TMD were assessed using clinical examination, and TMD pain symptoms were inquired using validated questions.

Results: Of the study subjects, 35% showed at least one sign of TMD, 8% reported weekly facial pain and 6% weekly pain when biting or jaw opening. According to logistic regression, female gender, poor general health and low level of education increased the risk for most TMD signs and TMD pain symptoms. Muscle or TMJ pain on palpation associated significantly with self-reported weekly facial pain or pain when biting or jaw opening.

Conclusion: Over a third of the population showed clinical signs of TMD and less than one-tenth reported TMD pain symptoms. An assessment of a patient’s general health needs to be a part of TMD diagnosis and treatment. The Finnish versions of the validated questions are applicable for screening of TMD pain.     

110例上海地区正常合汉族成人软组织侧貌的X线头影测量分析研究

本文对上海地区正常胎成人作了软组织侧貌的头影测量分析，认为侧貌形态的数值化测量，较目测或照片提供了更为可靠的疗效评价依据，其测量指标，对正颌外科手术设计，有重要的参考价值，甚至具有决定作用。     

基于群体药代动力学模型仿真探索氨磺必利有效浓度范围

目的:以群体药动学模型仿真为基础,探索氨磺必利有效浓度范围,解决临床实际应用中血药浓度超过治疗参考范围的问题。方法:回顾性收集广州医科大学附属脑科医院2019至2020年接受氨磺必利治疗的精神科患者的治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM)数据及相关病历资料,采用非线性混合效应模型对氨磺必利血药浓度数据进行拟合分析,通过协变量筛选评估获得最终模型,模拟仿真各种剂量下氨磺必利血药浓度分布范围。结果:121名患者的330个血药浓度数据的68%可信区间血药浓度范围是185.59~650.94ng·mL^-1,采用建立的一室模型[最终模型:CL/F=61.1×(AGE/32)^-0.624,L·h^-1],模拟仿真发现当给药剂量在200~400mg·d^-1时,氨磺必利的平均血药浓度范围在《神经精神科治疗药物监测共识指南(2017版)》推荐有效浓度范围(100~320ng·mL^-1)内,在给药剂量400~800mg·d^-1时,平均血药浓度为300~600ng·mL^-1。结论:可根据临床治疗情况,将氨磺必利有效浓度范围暂定100~600ng·mL^-1,对应的推荐给药剂量为200~800mg·d^-1。     

Emerging strains of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDv) in Mexico

As an emerging disease, the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus has caused substantial economic losses to the pork industry in Mexico, leading to piglet mortality rates of up to 100%. For detection, sequencing and genetic characterization of the virus, 68 samples of one‐week‐old piglets from pork farms in 17 states of Mexico were analysed. In total, 53 samples were positive by real‐time RT‐PCR, confirming the presence of the virus in 15 states. Twenty‐eight samples from 10 states were amplified by endpoint RT‐PCR, and 20 sequences of the spike gene were obtained. A phylogenetic analysis based on the spike gene demonstrated that all Mexican strains are in Group II and are classified as non‐Indel‐S emerging variants. Three strains showed amino acid insertions: PEDv/MEX/GTO/LI‐DMZC15/2015 and PEDv/MEX/QRO/LI‐DMZC45/2016 showed one amino acid insertion (⁴²⁴Y⁴²⁵ and ⁴⁴⁷D⁴⁴⁸, respectively), and PEDv/MEX/QRO/LI‐DMZC49/2019 showed one and two amino acid insertions (⁴²²C⁴²³ and ⁵³⁷SQ⁵³⁸), with the second insertion in the COE region. These results provide evidence of the prevalence of emerging, non‐Indel‐S strains of the virus are currently circulating in Mexico during 2016–2018, when three of which have amino acid insertions: PEDv/MEX/GTO/IN‐DMZC15/2015 and PEDv/MEX/QRO/IN‐DMZC45/2016 have one amino acid insertion each (⁴²⁴Y⁴²⁵ and ⁴⁴⁷D⁴⁴⁸, respectively), and PEDv/MEX/QRO/IN‐DMZC49/2019 has one (⁴²²C⁴²³) and two amino acid insertions (⁵³⁷SQ⁵³⁸), the latter being in the COE region, which could generate new antigenic variants.